New York, NY (UPDATED October 1, 2007) Metropolitan Opera on SIRIUS Satellite Radio (Channel 85) launches the 2007-08 schedule of Met broadcasts with the Opening Night Gala performance of Donizetti’s Lucia di Lammermoor, to air live on Monday, September 24, 2007 at 6:30 p.m. The new production, conducted by Met Music Director James Levine and directed by Mary Zimmerman, stars Natalie Dessay in the title role and Marcello Giordani as Edgardo. The opening night performance, which is dedicated to the late Beverly Sills, will also be transmitted live in Times Square and on Lincoln Center’s Josie Robertson Plaza. During the company’s 34-week season, four performances each week will be broadcast live from the Met on SIRIUS.
The new SIRIUS broadcast schedule will also feature over 100 live performances as well as rare archival broadcasts from the Met’s 76-year broadcast history. Met radio host Margaret Juntwait returns as announcer for the channel which, in addition to the four live performances each week, will air re-mastered historic broadcasts and notable performances from recent seasons. New to the channel this season is “The Met on Record,” a weekly program that will feature Metropolitan Opera commercial recordings from the 1940’s through the present day. “The Met on Record” airs every Sunday at 9 p.m., beginning September 30.
When the SIRIUS channel launched in September 2006, the classical music press raved, including The Baltimore Sun: “a great example of combining product, consumer interest and technology…it’s invigorating to know that so many fresh possibilities exist, with new ones for sure to be just around the next aria.” Now in its second year, the Metropolitan Opera on SIRIUS Satellite Radio (Channel 85) is available to SIRIUS subscribers in the United States and Canada. The subscription costs $12.95, and requires a special satellite receiver or can be downloaded via the Dish Network satellite television service.
Including the season opening of Lucia di Lammermoor, the SIRIUS broadcast schedule features live, opening night premiere broadcasts of six of the Met’s seven new productions in 2007-08: Gluck’s Iphigénie en Tauride on Tuesday, November 27, conducted by Louis Langrée and starring Susan Graham and Plácido Domingo; Verdi’s Macbeth on Monday, October 22, conducted by Maestro Levine and starring Željko Lucic and Maria Guleghina; Britten’s Peter Grimes on Wednesday, February 28, conducted by Donald Runnicles and featuring Anthony Dean Griffey and Patricia Racette; the Met premiere of Philip Glass’s Satyagraha on Wednesday, April 11, conducted by Dante Anzolini and starring Richard Croft; and Donizetti’s La Fille du Régiment on Saturday, April 21, conducted by Marco Armiliato and starring Natalie Dessay and Juan Diego Flórez. A new English-language production of Humperdinck’s Hansel and Gretel conducted by Vladimir Jurowski will air for the first time on Saturday, December 29.
An impressive roster of notable artists will be featured throughout the SIRIUS Broadcast season: James Levine also leads performances of Puccini’s Manon Lescaut, starring Karita Mattila in the title role and Marcello Giordani as des Grieux, and Ben Heppner and Deborah Voigt in Wagner’s Tristan und Isolde; opera luminaries Anna Netrebko and Roberto Alagna star in the opening night performance of Gounod’s Roméo et Juliette; Principal Guest Conductor Valery Gergiev conducts two Prokofiev masterpieces, War and Peace and The Gambler; internationally renowned soprano Renée Fleming returns to the Met as two of Verdi’s most famous heroines, Violetta in La Traviata and Desdemona in Otello—with Johan Botha making his broadcast debut in the title role; and Maestro Lorin Maazel returns to the Met for the first time in 45 years to conduct Wagner’s Die Walküre, featuring Lisa Gasteen as Brünnhilde, Deborah Voigt as Sieglinde, and James Morris as Wotan.
A full schedule of the 2007-08 Metropolitan Opera Radio on SIRIUS Satellite Radio follows below. For more information, visit www.metopera.org and www.sirius.com.
About the Met
Under the leadership of General Manager Peter Gelb and Music Director James Levine, the Met has a series of bold initiatives underway that are designed to broaden its audience and revitalize the company’s repertory. The Met has made a commitment to presenting modern masterpieces alongside the classic repertory, with highly theatrical productions featuring the greatest opera stars in the world.
The company has recently formed a groundbreaking commissioning program in partnership with New York’s Lincoln Center Theater, to provide renowned composers and playwrights with the resources to create and develop new works at the Met and at Lincoln Center’s Vivian Beaumont Theater.
Building on its 76-year-old international radio broadcast history – heard over the Toll Brothers-Metropolitan Opera International Radio Network – the Met now uses advanced media distribution platforms and state-of-the-art technology to attract new audiences and reach millions of opera fans around the world. “Metropolitan Opera: Live in HD,” the company’s series of live performance transmissions, shown in high definition (HD) in movie theaters around the world, will expand from six to eight opera transmissions in 2007-08, beginning with Roméo et Juliette on December 15. Global distribution of the series will triple in 2007-08 to reach over 700 participating venues in North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia. These performances will subsequently air on PBS, and a selection of these HD performances will be available on DVD beginning in 2008. Metropolitan Opera Radio on SIRIUS Satellite Radio (Channel 85) is a subscription-based audio service broadcasting both live and rare historical performances. The Met also presents free live audio streaming of performances on its website once every week during the opera season with support from RealNetworks®.
The Met has recently launched several audience development initiatives, including Open House dress rehearsals, the Arnold and Marie Schwartz Gallery Met, reduced ticket prices—including an immensely popular new rush ticket program, and an annual Holiday Series presentation for families.
About SIRIUS
SIRIUS is the original home of 100% commercial free music channels in satellite radio, offering 69 music channels. SIRIUS also delivers 65 channels of sports, news, talk, entertainment, traffic, weather and data. All SIRIUS programming is available for a monthly subscription fee of only $12.95.
SIRIUS Internet Radio (SIR) is a CD-quality, Internet-only version of the SIRIUS radio service, without the use of a radio, for the monthly subscription fee of $12.95. SIR delivers more than 80 channels of talk, entertainment, sports, and 100% commercial free music.
SIRIUS Backseat TV™ is the first ever live in-vehicle rear seat entertainment featuring three channels of children’s TV programming, including Nickelodeon, Disney Channel and Cartoon Network, for the subscription fee of $6.99 plus applicable audio subscription fee.
SIRIUS products for the car, truck, home, RV and boat are available in more than 20,000 retail locations, including Best Buy, Circuit City, Crutchfield, Costco, Target, Wal-Mart, Sam's Club, RadioShack and at shop.sirius.com.
SIRIUS radios are offered in vehicles from Audi, Bentley, BMW, Chrysler, Dodge, Ford, Infiniti, Jaguar, Jeep®, Land Rover, Lexus, Lincoln, Mercury, Maybach, Mazda, Mercedes-Benz, MINI, Mitsubishi, Nissan, Rolls Royce, Scion, Toyota, Volkswagen, and Volvo. Hertz also offers SIRIUS in its rental cars at major locations around the country.
Click on www.sirius.com to listen to SIRIUS live, or to purchase a SIRIUS radio and subscription.
Live SIRIUS Broadcast Schedule for the 2007-08 Season
SEPTEMBER
9/24 Mon 6:30 Opening Night Gala, New Production Premiere
Donizetti: Lucia di Lammermoor
Levine; Dessay, Giordani, Kwiecien, Relyea
This performance is dedicated to the memory of Beverly Sills
9/25 Tue 8:00 Gounod: Roméo et Juliette
Domingo; Netrebko, Leonard, Alagna, Degout, Sigmundsson
9/27 Thurs 8:00 Donizetti: Lucia di Lammermoor
Levine; Dessay, Giordani, Kwiecien, Relyea
OCTOBER
10/2 Tue 8:00 Mozart: Le Nozze di Figaro
Jordan; Hong, Oropesa, Vondung, Pertusi, Schrott
10/3 Wed 7:30 Gounod: Roméo et Juliette
Domingo; Netrebko, Leonard, Kaiser, Degout, Sigmundsson
10/4 Thurs 8:00 Verdi : Aida
Ono; Brown, Zajick, Berti, Dobber, Colombara, Kavrakos
10/8 Mon 8:00 Puccini: Madama Butterfly
Elder; Racette, Zifchak, Alagna, Salsi
10/9 Thurs 8:00 Donizetti: Lucia di Lammermoor
Levine; Dessay, Giordani, Kwiecien, Relyea
10/11 Thur 8:00 Gounod: Roméo et Juliette
Domingo; Netrebko, Leonard, Kaiser, Degout, Sigmundsson
10/12 Fri 8:00 Puccini: Madama Butterfly
Elder; Racette, Zifchak, Alagna, Salsi
10/13 Thurs 8:00 Donizetti: Lucia di Lammermoor
Levine; Dessay, Giordani, Kwiecien, Relyea
10/16 Tues 8:00 Verdi : Aida
Ono; Brown, Zajick, Berti, Dobber, Kowaljow, Hagen
10/18 Thur 8:00 Mozart: Le Nozze di Figaro
Jordan; Hong, Oropesa, Vondung, Pertusi, Schrott
10/19 Fri 8:00 Puccini: Madama Butterfly
Elder; Racette, Zifchak, Alagna, Salsi
10/22 Mon 8:00 New Production Premiere
Verdi: Macbeth
Levine; Guleghina, Pittas, Lucic, Relyea
10/24 Wed 8:00 Verdi : Aida
Ono; Carosi, Borodina, Berti, Pons, Kowaljow, Kavrakos
10/25 Thur 8:00 Donizetti: Lucia di Lammermoor
Levine; Massis, TBA, Kwiecien, Relyea
10/26 Fri 8:00 Verdi: Macbeth
Levine; Guleghina, Pittas, Lucic, Relyea
10/29 Mon 8:00 Mozart: Die Zauberflöte
Petrenko; Damrau, Kaappola, Cutler, Degout, Schulte, Hagen
10/31 Wed 8:00 Verdi: Macbeth
Levine; Guleghina, Pittas, Lucic, Relyea
NOVEMBER
11/1 Thur 8:00 Mozart: Die Zauberflöte
Petrenko; Damrau, Kaappola, Cutler, Degout, Schulte, Hagen
11/2 Fri 7:30 Verdi : Aida
Ono; Brown, Borodina, Berti, Delavan, Kowaljow, Kavrakos
11/6 Tue 8:00 Mozart: Die Zauberflöte
Petrenko; Damrau, Kaappola, Cutler, Degout, Schulte, Hagen
11/7 Wed 8:00 Verdi: La Traviata
Armiliato; Fleming, Polenzani, D. Croft
11/8 Thur 8:00 Verdi : Aida
Ono; Brown, D’Intino, Berti, Delavan, Kowaljow, Hagen
11/12 Mon 8:00 Bellini: Norma
Benini; Papian, Zajick, Farina, Kowaljow
11/13 Tues 8:00 Mozart: Die Zauberflöte
Petrenko; Damrau, Kaappola, Kaiser, Degout, Schulte, Hagen
11/14 Wed 8:00 Mozart: Le Nozze di Figaro
Jordan; Harteros, Siurina, Lindsey, Keenlyside, Terfel
11/15 Thur 8:00 Verdi: La Traviata
Armiliato; Fleming, Polenzani, D. Croft
11/19 Mon 8:00 Bellini: Norma
Benini; Papian, Zajick, Farina, Kowaljow
11/20 Tues 8:00 Mozart: Die Zauberflöte
Petrenko; Kühmeier, Damrau, Kaiser, Degout, Schulte, Hagen
11/21 Wed 8:00 Mozart: Le Nozze di Figaro
Jordan; Harteros, Siurina, Lindsey, Keenlyside, Terfel
11/26 Mon 7:30 Bellini: Norma
Benini; Guleghina, Zajick, Farina, Kowaljow
11/27 Tues 8:00 New Production Premiere
Gluck: Iphigénie en Tauride
Langrée; Graham, Domingo, Groves, Shimell
11/28 Wed 8:00 Mozart: Le Nozze di Figaro
Jordan; Harteros, Siurina, Lindsey, Keenlyside, Terfel
11/30 Fri 8:00 Bellini: Norma
Benini; Guleghina, Zajick, Farina, Tian
DECEMBER
12/4 Tues 8:00 Bellini: Norma
Benini; Guleghina, Zajick, Farina, Kowaljow
12/5 Wed 8:00 Gluck: Iphigénie en Tauride
Langrée; Graham, Domingo, Groves, Shimell
12/8 Sat 1:30 Gluck: Iphigénie en Tauride
Langrée; Graham, Domingo, Groves, Shimell
12/10 Mon 7:30 Prokofiev: War and Peace
Gergiev; Mataeva, Semenchuk, Shevchenko, Begley, Ladyuk,
Gerello, Ramey
12/11 Tue 8:00 Gluck: Iphigénie en Tauride
Langrée; Graham, Domingo, Groves, Shimell
12/12 Wed 8:00 Gounod: Roméo et Juliette
Domingo; Netrebko, Leonard, TBA, Gunn, Lloyd
12/15 Sat 1:00 Gounod: Roméo et Juliette
Domingo; Netrebko, Leonard, TBA, Gunn, Lloyd
12/17 Mon 8:00 Verdi: Un Ballo in Maschera
Noseda; Crider, Sala, Blythe, Licitra, Hvorostovsky
12/19 Wed 8:00 Gluck: Iphigénie en Tauride
Langrée; Graham, Domingo, Groves, Shimell
12/20 Thurs 8:00 Gounod: Roméo et Juliette
Domingo; Netrebko, Lindsey, TBA, Gunn, Lloyd
12/22 Sat 12:30 Prokofiev: War and Peace
Gergiev; Poplavskaya, Semenchuk , Shevchenko, Begley,
Markov, Gerello, Ramey
12/26 Wed 7:30 Prokofiev: War and Peace
Gergiev; Poplavskaya, Semenchuk , Shevchenko, Begley,
Markov, Gerello, Ramey
12/27 Thurs 7:30 Gounod: Roméo et Juliette
Nadler; Netrebko, Lindsey, Polenzani, Gunn, Lloyd
12/29 Sat 1:30 Humperdinck: Hansel and Gretel
Jurowski; Schäfer, Coote, Plowright, Langridge, Held
JANUARY
12/31 Mon 7:00 Gounod: Roméo et Juliette
Nadler; Netrebko, Leonard, Polenzani, Gunn, Lloyd
1/ 1 Tues 1:00 Humperdinck: Hansel and Gretel
Jurowski; Schäfer, Coote, Plowright, Langridge, Held
1/ 3 Thurs 7:30 Prokofiev: War and Peace
Noseda; Mataeva, Semenchuk , Shevchenko, Begley, Ladyuk,
TBA, Ramey
1/5 Sat 1:30 Verdi: Un Ballo in Mascher
Noseda; Crider, Sala, Blythe, Licitra, Hvorostovsky
1/7 Mon 6:30 Wagner: Die Walküre
Maazel ; Gasteen, Pieczonka, Blythe, Forbis, Morris, Petrenko
1/8 Tues 8:00 Humperdinck: Hansel and Gretel
Jurowski; Schäfer, Coote, Plowright, Langridge, Held
1/9 Wed 8:00 Verdi: Macbeth
Levine; Guleghina, Aronica, Ataneli, Relyea
1/12 Sat 1:30 Verdi: Macbeth
Levine; Guleghina, Aronica, Ataneli, Relyea
1/14 Mon 6:30 Wagner: Die Walküre
Maazel; Gasteen, Pieczonka, Blythe, Forbis, Morris, Petrenko
1/15 Tue 8:00 Verdi: Macbeth
Levine; Gruber, Pittas, Ataneli, Relyea
1/19 Sat 1:30 Archive Presentation
Puccini: La Bohème
Levine; Scotto, Pavarotti, Niska, Wixell, Monk, Plishka, Tajo
1/22 Tue 8:00 Rossini: Il Barbiere di Siviglia
Chaslin; Garanca, Schade, Vassallo, Praticò, Rose
1/23 Wed 8:00 Humperdinck: Hansel and Gretel
Jurowski; Schäfer, Coote, Plowright, Langridge, Held
1/26 Sat 1:30 Rossini: Il Barbiere di Siviglia
Chaslin; Garanca, Schade, Vassallo, Praticò, Rose
1/29 Tues 8:00 Puccini: Manon Lescaut
Levine; Mattila, Giordani, D. Croft, Travis
1/30 Wed 8:00 Rossini: Il Barbiere di Siviglia
Chaslin; Garanca, Schade, Vassallo, Praticò, Rose
1/31 Thurs 8:00 Humperdinck: Hansel and Gretel
Jackson; Schäfer, Coote, Plowright, Langridge, Hancock
FEBRUARY
2/2 Sat 12:30 Wagner: Die Walküre
Maazel; Gasteen, Voigt, DeYoung, Forbis, Morris, Petrenko
2/4 Mon 8:00 Bizet: Carmen
Villaume; Kovalevska, Borodina, Álvarez, Gallo
2/5 Tues 7:30 Puccini: Manon Lescaut
Levine; Mattila, Giordani, D. Croft, Travis
2/7 Thurs 6:30 Rossini: Il Barbiere di Siviglia
Chaslin; Garanca, Zapata, Vassallo, Muraro, Raimondi
2/9 Sat 1:30 Archive Presentation
Rossini: The Siege of Corinth
Schippers; Sills, Verrett, Díaz
2/11 Mon 8:00 Verdi: Otello
Bychkov; Fleming, Botha, Guelfi
2/13 Wed 8:00 Bizet: Carmen
Villaume; Kovalevska, Borodina, Álvarez, Gallo
2/14 Thurs 8:00 Rossini: Il Barbiere di Siviglia
Chaslin; Garanca, Zapata, Vassallo, Muraro, Raimondi
2/16 Sat 1:00 Puccini: Manon Lescaut
Levine; Mattila, Giordani, D. Croft, Travis
2/18 Mon 8 :00 Verdi: Otello
Bychkov; Fleming, Botha, Guelfi
2/20 Wed 8:00 Puccini: Manon Lescaut
Runnicles; Mattila, Giordani, D. Croft, Travis
2/21 Thurs 8:00 Rossini: Il Barbiere di Siviglia
Chaslin; Garanca, Schade, Vassallo, Muraro, Raimondi
2/23 Sat 1:30 Bizet: Carmen
Villaume; Stoyanova, Borodina, Álvarez, Gallo
2/25 Mon 8:00 Rossini: Il Barbiere di Siviglia
Chaslin; Garanca, Schade, Vassallo, Muraro, Raimondi
2/27 Wed 8:00 Bizet: Carmen
Villaume; Stoyanova, Herrera, Álvarez, Gallo
2/28 Thurs 7:30 New Production Premiere
Britten: Peter Grimes
Runnicles; Racette, Griffey, Michaels-Moore
MARCH
3/1 Sat 1:00 Verdi: Otello
Bychkov; Fleming, Botha, Guelfi
3/3 Mon 8:00 Britten: Peter Grimes
Runnicles; Racette, Griffey, Michaels-Moore
3/4 Tue 8:00 Verdi: Otello
Bychkov; Fleming, Botha, Guelfi
3/6 Thurs 8:00 Verdi: La Traviata
Armiliato; Swenson, Polenzani, D. Croft
3/8 Sat 1:30 Donizetti: Lucia di Lammermoor
Levine; Dessay, Filianoti, Kwiecien, Relyea
3/10 Mon 7:00 Wagner: Tristan und Isolde
Levine; Voigt, DeYoung, Heppner, Schulte, Salminen
3/12 Wed 8 :00 Verdi: La Traviata
Armiliato; Swenson, Kaufmann, D. Croft
3/13 Thurs 8:00 Donizetti: Lucia di Lammermoor
Colaneri; Dessay, Filianoti, Kwiecien, Relyea
3/15 Sat 1:30 Britten: Peter Grimes
Runnicles; Racette, Griffey, Michaels-Moore
3/17 Mon 8:00 Verdi: Ernani
Abbado; Radvanovsky, Giordani, Hampson, Furlanetto
3/19 Wed 7:30 Verdi: La Traviata
Armiliato; Swenson, Polenzani, D. Croft
3/21 Fri 8:00 Verdi: Ernani
Abbado; Radvanovsky, Giordani, Hampson, Furlanetto
3/22 Sat 12:30 Wagner: Tristan und Isolde
Levine; Voigt, DeYoung, Heppner, Schulte, Salminen
3/24 Mon 8:00 Britten: Peter Grimes
Runnicles; Racette, Griffey, Michaels-Moore
3/25 Tue 7:00 Wagner: Tristan und Isolde
Levine; Voigt, DeYoung, Heppner, Fink, Salminen
3/27 Thu 8:00 Prokofiev: The Gambler
Gergiev; Guryakova, Savova, Diadkova, Galouzine, Gassiev,
Hancock, Aleksashkin
3/29 Sat 1:30 Verdi: Ernani
Abbado; Radvanovsky, Giordani, Hampson, Furlanetto
3/31 Mon 8:00 Prokofiev: The Gambler
Gergiev; Guryakova, Savova, Diadkova, Galouzine, Gassiev,
Hancock, Aleksashkin
APRIL
4/1 Tue 7:30 Puccini: La Bohème
Luisotti; Gheorghiu, Arteta, Vargas, Tézier, Kelsey, Gradus,
Plishka
4/2 Wed 7:30 Verdi: Ernani
Abbado; Radvanovsky, Giordani, Hampson, Furlanetto
4/5 Sat 1:30 Puccini: La Bohème
Luisotti; Gheorghiu, Arteta, Vargas, Tézier, Kelsey, Gradus, Plishka
4/9 Wed 7:30 Puccini: La Bohème
Luisotti; Gheorghiu, Arteta, Vargas, Tézier, Kelsey, Gradus, Plishka
4/10 Thu 7:30 Verdi: Ernani
Abbado; Radvanovsky, Giordani, Hampson, Furlanetto
4/11 Fri 8:00 Metropolitan Opera Premiere
Glass: Satyagraha
Anzolini; Durkin, R. Croft, Patriarco, Walker
4/12 Sat 1:30 Prokofiev: The Gambler
Gergiev; Guryakova, Savova, Diadkova, Galouzine, Gassiev, Hancock, Aleksashkin
4/14 Mon 8:00 Glass: Satyagraha
Anzolini; Durkin, R. Croft, Patriarco, Walker
4/15 Tue 7:30 Puccini: La Bohème
Luisotti; Gheorghiu, Arteta, Vargas, Tézier, Kelsey, Gradus, Plishka
4/16 Wed 8:00 Verdi: Un Ballo in Maschera
Noseda; Brown, Sala, Blythe, Licitra, Hvorostovsky
4/19 Sat 1 :30 Glass: Satyagraha
Anzolini; Durkin, R. Croft, Patriarco, Walker
4/21 Mon 8 :00 New Production Premiere
Donizetti: La Fille du Régiment
Armiliato; Dessay, Palmer, Flórez, Corbelli, Caldwell
4/22 Tue 8:00 Glass: Satyagraha
Anzolini; Durkin, R. Croft, Patriarco, Walker
4/23 Wed 7 :30 Verdi: Un Ballo in Maschera
Noseda; Brown, Sala, Blythe, Licitra, Hvorostovsky
4/26 Sat 1:30 Donizetti: La Fille du Régiment
Armiliato; Dessay, Palmer, Flórez, Corbelli, Caldwell
4/29 Tue 7 :30 Donizetti: La Fille du Régiment
Armiliato; Dessay, Palmer, Flórez, Corbelli, Caldwell
4/30 Wed 8:00 Mozart: Die Entführung aus dem Serail
Robertson; Damrau, Kurzak, Polenzani, Davislim, Sigmundsson
MAY
5/1 Thu 8:00 Glass: Satyagraha
Anzolini; Durkin, R. Croft, Patriarco, Walker
5/3 Sat 1:30 Mozart: Die Entführung aus dem Serail
Robertson; Damrau, Kurzak, Polenzani, Davislim, Sigmundsson
5/5 Mon 7:30 Donizetti: La Fille du Régiment
Armiliato; Dessay, Palmer, Flórez, Corbelli, Caldwell
5/6 Tue 8:00 Mozart: La Clemenza di Tito
Bicket; Murphy, Iveri, Graham, Vondung, Vargas, Gradus
5/7 Wed 8 :00 Mozart: Die Entführung aus dem Serail
Robertson; Damrau, Kurzak, Polenzani, Davislim, Sigmundsson
5/9 Fri 8 :00 Verdi: Macbeth
Levine; Gruber, Calleja, Alvarez, Pape
5/12 Mon 8:00 Donizetti: La Fille du Régiment
Armiliato; Dessay, Palmer, Banks, Corbelli, Caldwell
5/13 Tue 8:00 Verdi: Macbeth
Levine; Gruber, Calleja, Alvarez, Pape
5/14 Wed 8:00 Tan Dun: The First Emperor
Tan Dun; Coburn, Liang, Mentzer, Domingo, Groves
5/15 Thu 8:00 Mozart: La Clemenza di Tito
Bicket; Murphy, Iveri, Graham, Vondung, Vargas, Gradus